Introduction
Social marketing aims to develop health, environmental, or social change programs that can positively influence behavior change to benefit people and the planet (Luca & Suggs, 2013). As argued by French and Lefebvre (2012), all social marketing programs should include a co-design study to empower citizens through implementation of collaborative processes that allow people to design programs for themselves and people like them (Dietrich et al., 2017; Krippendorff, 2011; Sanders & Stappers, 2008; Steen et al., 2011). However, co-design frameworks have been developed and validated predominantly in Western contexts (Dietrich et al., 2017; Trischler et al., 2019) without due...